Wireless Sensor Networks for Disaster Management

Wireless Sensor Networks for Disaster Management Abstract The world we are living is an event for disasters daily. Some of the disasters are naturally occurring and some occurring due to man-made catastrophes. So not only nature but also human beings are equally responsible for the happenings of these disasters. With the developments in the technologies it is very much possible to find a way to tackle these disasters. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) can be used in the developments of disaster management. Hence there is a need for development of a system for the disaster control and management. Also, keeping in mind about developing a structure which is efficient in terms of functioning and the costing. With this paper, we attempt to present some literature study and methodology used by other authors and find the pros and cons in their study. Also, we try to formulate an analysis of the proposed studies. Keywords- Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), Disaster management. Introduction With the advancements in the WSNs it is possible now to detect and monitor various parameters in our surroundings. The sensors in a networks help us to monitor and keep track on the various paramenters. These parameters include temperature for fire detection, flow mesurement for detection of floods, Global Positioning System (GPS) for location trackink to name a few. With the monitoring of these parameters we can detect any disaster and with the network implementation we can be able broadcast the information. The broadcasting of information would help to reach many people and will alert the people, so that they can move to a safer place. In this paper we will be discussing about the iplementation done in the field of disaster management and would be focussing on the various aspects of the WSNs. The architecture details, componets used, networks used are some of the things to be discussed. Other than WSN, the use of Ad-hoc relay station, mobile communication, base station functions, c ell and cluster functions are also being discussed. The implementation of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) in a system has been done by many researchers over the years and there are various techniques of implementing them. Development and updating of technologies has made this even more possible. A.S Bhosle et al.[1]ÂÂ   presented classification of various sensors depending upon its function and about the different types of WSN protocols. The network consists of wireless sensor nodes, sink nodes, base stations, a gateway for information transferring, a backbone network and an observer at the output side. The WSN protocols are responsible for the communication between a sensor and the network devices in a network. The sensors can be classified based on their physical properties. These include the flow, positioning, temperature, pressure, acceleration etc. D.V Kishore et al. [2] discussed about the problems of disasters occurring at a mine or excavation location. The main concern in the article was about the blasts occurring in the mi nes and the consequences of that being an increase amount of air pollution, noise pollution and an increase in the chances of accidents in the mine area. They provided a hardware architecture using the traditional electronic components and with the help of that demonstrated the ways of tackling a mishap. S.Saha et al. [3]ÂÂ   proposed an architecture which was based on mobile communication network. The use of mobile communication concepts like cluster, cell, base station and frequency usage was discussed within the architecture. S. Rasaneh et al. [4] proposed an energy resourceful model and implementing the model with an additional communication network would make it more efficient. The model implementation included a hybrid network and a multi hop routing technique for the efficient energy usage. Also, the model implementation included deployment of sensors in various types of environments and depending upon that the sensing operations can be performed. With the use of multi-h op there will be less chances of signal loss or distortions. Thus, in this way the model can become more efficient. S.M. George et al. [5] proposed a Distress network for disaster management and the system architecture consists of 3 components; a Body Net, Sense Net, Vehicle Net Area Net. Body Net is a body worn WSN device which is used to keep a continuous track on the various aspects of a person like heartbeat, blood pressure, location etc. Sense Net is used for sensing the data and is mainly used keeping track of the monitored data. Vehicle Net is responsible for the detection of any disaster is also responsible for the transmission of information. Area Net is used for carrying large volumes of data and as it supports large bandwidth so that helps in sending images, videos and audio data. Kaur, Harminder et al. [6] proposed an architecture consisting of a cluster, an Ad-hoc network, base station, antenna and a satellite. Using these components an efficient disaster can be create d. The architecture works on the principle of multi hopping. After the literature analysis of various articles, we now focus on the methods used in the implementation part of the article. A.S Bhosleet al. [1] in his proposed model demonstrated a disaster about when fire breaks out. Consider in a network, there is a fire exposed area there are more than one sensors to sense the fire, these sensors can for example: thermistor, RTD, thermocouple etc. The wireless sensor node detects the fire and searches for the nearest sink node, then the sink node verifies the collected data with its predefined threshold value. If the threshold value is less than the received data, then a warning signal is send to the end user via base station and the backbone network. If the threshold is greater than received data, then an emergency message is send to the end user via base station and backbone network. D.V Kishore et al. [2] proposed a hardware architecture which had a transmitter and a receiver section. The sensors collected the sensed data as per their prop erty, the various sensors deployed were gas sensor, light sensor, temperature sensor and vibration sensors. The sensed value is converted to digital form by the analogue to digital converter and then is given to the multiplexer, the multiplexer then encodes all the sensed values and sends them to the transmitter and then the transmitter antenna transmits these values to the receiver section. The receiver antenna receives the transmitted values and these values are send to the de-multiplexer. The de-multiplexer then decodes the values and sends them to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then sends the decoded values to the output devices and we can see the output. S.Saha et al. [3] in proposed a heterogenous hybrid model of a network and sensors. The focus was providing a better network coverage and to limit the usage of Ad-hoc relay station (ARS). This was achieved by simply placing the ARS at the edges of the cell and with that the ARS was shared by multiple cells. Sensors no des were placed in a cell to sense various parameters like temperature, vibrations, location, light intensity etc. In a disaster situation, the sensor nodes help in detection of the survivors. After detection, the information is passed to the mobile communication network and the ARS and the base station are responsible for the effective communication between the network.ÂÂ   S. Rasaneh et al. [4] proposed a structure using a simple cluster model of a communication network consisting of sensor nodes, head nodes, second level head nodes and base station. The sensor nodes are used to sense different functions accordingly; these are seismic vibrations for earthquake, temperature for fire, flow measurement for floods, weather sensors for humidity etc. In a disaster situation, the sensor nodes in a cluster firstly sense the various parameters as per their individual sensor properties and then send the collected data to the second level cluster head and then a cluster head receives al l the data from other second level cluster heads from every cluster. Then, the base station receives all the data from the cluster heads. The data is send from a second level cluster to the cluster head to have an efficient data flow without any signal losses. This structure uses the multi-hop technique so that data can transmission can be done efficiently. Kaur, Harminer et al. [6] proposed an architecture involving usage of a mobile network, radio and satellite communication. During any disaster, the sink nodes collects data from the local sensors and ARS. The data is then collected by the base station with the help of the sink nodes in the network. The base station sends the data to the antenna and the antenna broadcasts the signals to the satellite. The satellite then sends the warning about the disaster to the local hospitals and the ambulance. There are various gaps in the above discussed articles. We cannot be relying on an architecture that is a hardware based as within any kind of disaster it cannot be accurate and depending upon the intensity and how powerful the disaster is the hardware with not withstand and would surely be damaged. Also about the deployment of ARS in the edges of cell, then the signal handling capacity of the ARS gets affected and this produces latency in the network. This affects the performance of the architecture. In the fire disaster system, the distance between the cluster and the operating network is very large and if there is any latency introduced in the network, then it would be very late for the signaling about the disaster. With the developments in the field of Wireless Sensor networks we can surely be opting on trying and formulating new ways to find solution to these problems. Also with the ongoing problems in terms of disasters there is a need to do to. After the study, there are still many developments that can be done in many aspects of the architecture, technology used and the components used. The focus must be on trying new developments and if possible go to find the solutions of the current problems related with the disaster management. WSN can help in predetermining of the any disaster and we can then alert everybody about it. References [1]A. S. Bhosle and L. M. Gavhane, Forest disaster management with wireless sensor network, in 2016 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT), 2016, pp. 287-289. [2]D. V. Kishore, D. V. Gowda, Shivashankar, and S. Mehta, MANET topology for disaster management using wireless sensor network, in 2016 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP), 2016, pp. 0736-0740. [3]S. Saha and M. Matsumoto, A Wireless Sensor Network Protocol for Disaster Management, in 2007 Information, Decision and Control, 2007, pp. 209-213. [4]S. Rasaneh and T. Banirostam, A New Structure and Routing Algorithm for Optimizing Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Network for Disaster Management, in 2013 4th International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Modelling and Simulation, 2013, pp. 481-485. [5]S. M. George, W. Zhou, H. Chenji, M. Won, Y. O. Lee, A. Pazarloglou, et al., DistressNet: a wireless ad hoc and sensor network architecture for situation management in disaster response, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 48, pp. 128-136, 2010. [6]H. Kaur, R. S. Sawhney, and N. Komal, Wireless sensor networks for disaster management, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering Technology, vol. 1, pp. 129-134, 2012.

Homers Iliad :: essays research papers

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Manager Roles Essay

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Essay Chapter 1 - 845 Words

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Research Assignment Mexican Americans - 1971 Words

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Sexual Identity And Gender Roles Essay - 1398 Words

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Convictions and Criminal Records †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Convictions and Criminal Records. Answer: Introduction: In Australia, vetting is a common practice carried out by a majority of the employers. It is done to check criminal records where necessary and as a security measure against insider threat. Mainly, the vetting process comprises of police checks, past employment history, an employees qualifications, traffic convictions, tenancy, financial and psychometric assessments. Overall, the process varies depending on the reason for vetting. Moreover, companies are also using counter surveillance measures. The use of vetting and counter surveillance measures is among the many ways corporates and individuals are enhancing the security of information and assets. For the Australian government, vetting entails personnel security practices carried out on its employees to ensure they have security clearance to access government resources. Security clearance is accorded depending on four levels which are Baseline Personnel Security Standard, Counter Terrorist Check, Security Check and Developed Vetting.[1] The vetting process is conducted by vetting agencies such as Australian Government Security Vetting Agency (AGSVA) and other authorized agencies.[2] However, the Australian Government Security Vetting Agency is mandated to offer security clearances for a majority of the government, state and territory agencies. Generally, this vetting process has various stages. The first stage is the where agencies decide which are the requirements for the security clearance. In the second stage, the vetting agency that is hired issues the clearance pack after confirming the requirements.[3] Afterward, the person who wants the clearance, clearance subject, completes the pack and provides documents as supporting evidence. Later the clearance pack is processed while various checks are conducted. The assessing officers in the vetting agency then recommend whether the clearance should be granted or denied and the information is passed to the delegate. At this stage, the delegate makes a decision which must be in line with the recommendation of the assessing officer. If there are any disagreements, the clearance is returned to the assessing officer.[4] If no issues arise, the agency is supposed to advise the applicant of the outcome. Lastly, the agency conducts periodic checks to ensure the holder is still suitable for the clearance. Additionally, the outcome is subject to review and appeal. Counter Surveillance Equipment Due to the rise in affordability and availability of surveillance bugs and taps from the internet, the need for surveillance countermeasures has risen. As a result, some retailers offer surveillance countermeasures services. Currently, the equipment used detects bugs from homes, workplaces, and vehicles. The surveillance equipment detected include audio listening bugs, phone bugs, 3G and 4G bugs, GSM bugs, Global Positioning System (GPS) vehicle trackers and Wi-Fi and Bluetooth devices.[5] The companies that offer these services use the latest digital technology to increase efficiency and effectiveness. These services range from Technical Surveillance Countermeasures (TSCM) equipment for sale and technicians for hire who can perform the sweep using TSCM. These services are readily available through the internet with companies such as Spy City offering the service at $1,1995 for three hours.[6] Melbourne Investigations offers the detection of hidden cameras, GPS trackers, listening and phone tapping devices.[7] Meanwhile, Prime Investigations offers counter surveillance services that detect GSM bugs, phone taps, GPS trackers and hidden cameras.[8] Other companies such as The Australian Bug Detection Group and National surveillance and intelligence offer bug detection sweeps with use of the latest digital technology.[9] Vetting of Staff Members for Criminal Records in New Zealand In New Zealand employers can check criminal records of employees or job applicants. This can be done through the Ministry of Justice and Police vetting information.[10] To obtain this information the employer must first get the consent of the employee or job applicant in written form. In most cases, it is better to vet applicants before hiring them to avoid unnecessary inconveniences when one has to fire someone. In the hiring process, if the employer wishes to obtain criminal records of applicants the application forms should state that the applicants should disclose criminal information and consequences should they fail to do so. Further, the employment agreement should state that employment is done if the employer is satisfied with the findings from the criminal record. Some people are protected by the clean slate rule, and they do not reveal their criminal record. For the employers who decide to go through the Ministry of Justice, they obtain a list of criminal and traffic convictions where the employee was found guilty. On the other hand, police vetting provides information to approved agencies about employees that care for children, old people and those who are vulnerable in the society. Information is released depending on its relevance to the position of the employee. This information may include court convictions and charges.[11] Employers are also not allowed to use the information obtained to short list candidates. They are to present the information to the employees and give them a chance to explain themselves. In addition, they are obliged to disclose the retention period which for agencies is set at a maximum of twelve months. Conclusion In conclusion, vetting is done by most employers for various reasons as aforementioned. Generally, the vetting procedure occurs in different stages depending on the vetting agency and the reason for the vetting process. Additionally, the use of counter surveillance measures is on the rise, and the services are readily available for individuals and corporates. Finally, the vetting process for criminal records differs according to the laws governing a jurisdiction. References Bug Detector Melbourne - Melbourne Investigations(2017) Melbourne Investigations https://melbourneinvestigations.com.au/private-investigators-melbourne/bug-detector-melbourne Criminal Record Checks Employment New Zealand(2017) Employment.govt.Nz https://www.employment.govt.nz/workplace-policies/tests-and-checks/criminal-record-checks/ Electronic Bug Detection Sydney | Prime Investigations (2017) Primeinvestigations.com.au https://www.primeinvestigations.com.au/electronic-bug-detection-sydney/ Human Rights: On the Record: Recruitment (Chapter 5) | Australian Human Rights Commission (2017) Humanrights.gov.au https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/human-rights-record-recruitment-chapter-5 Personnel Security Guidelines - Vetting Practices (2016) TSCM - Electronic Bug Detection, Security Sweep Melbourne, Electronic Bug Sweeping, Countermeasures (2017) 21investigations.com.au https://www.21investigations.com.au/tscm_bug_sweeping_electronic_countermeasures.php TSCM Service - 3 Hours - Melbourne Based (2017) SPY CITY https://spycity.com.au/solutions/tscm-service-3-hours-melbourne-based/ Working in Government - Security Vetting / Security Clearance - Theinfohub By Unlock | For People with Convictions and Criminal Recordstheinfohub By Unlock | For People with Convictions and Criminal Records(2017) Hub.unlock.org.uk https://hub.unlock.org.uk/knowledgebase/working-in-government-security-vetting/